서 론
연구의 필요성
연구 방법
연구 설계
문헌 선정 기준과 배제 기준
문헌 검색 및 선정 과정
● 문헌 검색 방법
● 문헌 선정 과정
● 문헌의 질 평가
자료 분석 방법
● 코딩과 대상 문헌의 일반적 특성 및 조직침묵 관련 요인
대상 문헌의 일반적 특성은 발표년도, 학회지 또는 학위논문, 연구 설계, 대상자 수, 대상자 수 결정 근거 유무, 대상자의 임상경력 제한 여부로 범주를 나누어 빈도와 백분율을 구하였다.
조직침묵 측정도구는 도구별 빈도와 백분율을 구하고, 도구의 문항 수, 원도구 및 해당 연구에서의 신뢰도, 조직침묵의 3가지 하위 유형 측정 여부를 포함하였다.
조직침묵 관련 요인은 Morrison과 Milliken [7], Milliken 등[9]의 조직침묵 선행요인 및 결과 개념 모형을 기초로 ‘조직침묵 선행요인군’과 조직침묵이 영향을 미치는 ‘결과군’(consequences of organizational silence/dependent variable)으로 조직침묵과의 관련성이 탐색된 변수들을 범주로 나누어 분류하였다. ‘조직침묵 선행요인군’은 ‘조직특성’, ‘상사-구성원 관계’, ‘구성원 특성’ 하부 범주로 분류하였고, 체념적 침묵, 방어적 침묵, 친사회적 침묵 등 하위 유형과 관련 변수들과의 상관관계 값을 추출하였다.
● 조직침묵 관련 요인의 상관계수 효과크기 산출
● 이질성 검정과 출판편의 분석
연구 결과
대상 문헌의 일반적 특성
Table 1
AS=acquiescent silence; DC=descriptive correlation study; DS=defensive silence; DY=tool developed by Dyne et al. (2003); DY1=Dyne et al. (2003)’s tool modified by Jung (2015); DY2=Dyne et al. (2003)’s tool modified by Jia (2012); GK=tool developed by Go & Kang (2017); GO=tool developed by Go (2014); KG=tool developed by Kang & Go (2014); KG1=Kang & Go (2014)’s tool modified by Kwon & Lim (2015); N=no; PS=prosocial silence; SM=structural equation model study; Y=yes
조직침묵 측정도구와 관련 요인
Table 2
Categories (no. of variables) | Variables | n (%)* |
---|---|---|
Influence factors | ||
Organizational (11) | Organizational culture | 5 (11.9) |
Organizational justice | 3 (7.1) | |
Nursing practice environment | 5 (11.9) | |
Satisfaction of organizational communication | 2 (4.8) | |
Others: workplace bullying (taeom), horizontal violence, organizational politics perception, internalized dominant values, organizational cynicism etc. | 7 (16.7) | |
Leader-member exchange (3) | Leader’s negative feedback rejection inclination | 2 (4.8) |
Managers’ leadership | 4 (9.5) | |
Trust in supervisor | 1 (2.4) | |
Members (3)† | Emotional intelligence, professionalism, self-efficacy | 3 (7.1) |
Consequences of organizational silence/dependent variables (5) | Turnover intention | 3 (7.1) |
Job embeddedness & intention of retention | 3 (7.1) | |
Organizational commitment | 2 (4.8) | |
Others: patient safety, organizational performance | 2 (4.8) |
간호사의 조직침묵 관련 요인의 상관계수 효과크기
Table 3
Sub-factors of OS | Relationship with sub-factors | Categories | Variables | k | n | ESr (95% CI) | Q-value | I2 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||
Random model | |||||||||
Acquiescent silence | Positive correlation | Organizational characteristics | Hierarchy-oriented culture | 4 | 1,078 | .03 (-.13, .19) | Q(3)=20.44, p<.001 | 85.3 | ns |
Innovation-oriented/developmental culture | 3 | 828 | .06 (-.15, .27) | Q(2)=18.21, p<.001 | 89.0 | ns | |||
Leader-member exchange | Manager’s rejection inclination of negative feedback | 2 | 487 | .32 (.23, .39)* | Q(1)=0.73, p=.394 | 0.0 | |||
Consequences of OS | Turnover intention | 3 | 728 | .39 (.32, .45)* | Q(2)=1.36, p=.506 | 0.0 | |||
Subtotal effect | 12 | 3,121 | .17 (.06, .29) | Q(11)=119.09, p<.001 | 90.8 | ||||
Negative correlation | Organizational characteristics | Relation-oriented/consensual culture | 3 | 828 | -.29 (-.46, -.10) | Q(2)=15.70, p<.001 | 87.3 | ||
Task-oriented/rational culture | 3 | 828 | -.03 (-.26, .21) | Q(2)=23.14, p<.001 | 91.4 | ns | |||
Organizational justice | 3 | 649 | -.20 (-.27, -.12)* | Q(2)=0.13, p=.939 | 0.0 | ||||
Nurses practice/work environment | 3 | 838 | -.31 (-.37, -.25)* | Q(2)=3.76, p=.153 | 46.8 | ||||
Leader-member exchange | Leadership of the nurse manager | 3 | 838 | -.33 (-.43, -.21) | Q(2)=6.24, p=.044 | 68.0 | |||
Consequences of OS | Job embeddedness | 2 | 272 | -.31 (-.41, -.19)* | Q(1)=1.92, p=.166 | 48.0 | |||
Subtotal effect | 17 | 4,253 | -.23 (-.32, -.16) | Q(16)=121.59, p<.001 | 86.8 | ||||
Defensive silence | Positive correlation | Organizational characteristics | Hierarchy-oriented culture | 4 | 1,078 | .06 (-.12, .24) | Q(3)=27.30, p<.001 | 89.0 | ns |
Task-oriented/rational culture | 3 | 828 | .03 (-.14, .20) | Q(2)=12.08, p<.001 | 83.4 | ns | |||
Leader-member exchange | Manager’s rejection inclination of negative feedback | 2 | 487 | .28 (.20, .36)* | Q(1)=0.17, p=.677 | 0.0 | |||
Consequences of OS | Turnover intention | 3 | 728 | .22 (.15, .29)* | Q(2)=0.08, p=.966 | 0.0 | |||
Subtotal effect | 12 | 3,121 | .13 (.04, .22) | Q(11)=67.97, p=<.001 | 83.8 | ||||
Negative correlation | Organizational characteristics | Innovation-oriented/developmental culture | 3 | 828 | -.12 (-.25, .02) | Q(2)=7.77, p=.021 | 74.3 | ns | |
Relation-oriented/consensual culture | 3 | 828 | -.21 (-.38, -.04) | Q(2)=13.09, p<.001 | 84.7 | ||||
Organizational justice | 3 | 649 | -.19 (-.26, -.11)* | Q(2)=2.17, p=.338 | 7.8 | ||||
Nurses practice/work environment | 3 | 838 | -.23 (-.30, -.17)* | Q(2)=4.26, p=.119 | 53.1 | ||||
Leader-member exchange | Leadership of the nurse manager | 3 | 838 | -.28 (-.37, -.20) | Q(2)=3.65, p=.016 | 45.2 | |||
Consequences of OS | Job embeddedness | 2 | 272 | -.29 (-.56, .04) | Q(1)=7.87, p=.005 | 87.3 | ns | ||
Subtotal effect | 17 | 4,253 | -.21 (-.27, -.16) | Q(16)=50.57, p<.001 | 68.4 | ||||
Prosocial silence | Positive correlation | Organizational characteristics | Hierarchy-oriented culture | 4 | 1,078 | .21 (.15, .27)* | Q(3)=3.74, p=.292 | 19.7 | |
Innovation-oriented/developmental culture | 3 | 828 | .10 (.03, .17)* | Q(2)=0.70, p=.704 | 0.0 | ||||
Relation-oriented/consensual culture | 3 | 828 | .09 (.02, .15)* | Q(2)=0.02, p=.988 | 0.0 | ||||
Task-oriented/rational culture | 3 | 828 | .13 (-.03, .28) | Q(2)=9.71, p<.001 | 79.4 | ns | |||
Organizational justice | 3 | 649 | .14 (.06, .21)* | Q(2)=0.95, p=.622 | 0.0 | ||||
Nurses practice/work environment | 3 | 838 | .09 (.03, .16)* | Q(2)=1.57, p=.456 | 0.0 | ||||
Leader-member exchange | Leadership of the nurse manager | 3 | 838 | .15 (.09, .22)* | Q(2)=3.04, p=.219 | 34.1 | |||
Consequences of OS | Job embeddedness | 2 | 272 | .04 (-.05, .13)* | Q(1)=0.30, p=.862 | 0.0 | ns | ||
Subtotal effect | 24 | 6,159 | .13 (.11, .16)* | Q(23)=33.38, p=.075 | 31.1 | ||||
Negative correlation | Leader-member exchange | Manager’s rejection inclination of negative feedback | 2 | 487 | -.16 (-.25, -.07)* | Q(1)=0.50, p=.478 | 0.0 | ||
Consequences of OS | Turnover intention | 3 | 728 | -.08 (-.26, .01) | Q(2)=12.40, p=.006 | 83.9 | ns | ||
Subtotal effect | 5 | 1,215 | -.11 (-.22, -.01) | Q(4)=14.54, p=.006 | 72.5 |