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The individual and organizational causes of workplace bullying |
Strict hierarchical order of the organization |
Pressure and victim mentality arising from vertical relationships3 (U) |
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Unfair hierarchy5 (C) |
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Inefficient organizational system8 (U) |
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Imbalance of power8 (U) |
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A clear hierarchy according to years of working9 (U) |
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Lack of work competency |
Performance that does not meet expectations4 (U) |
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Lack of practical skills6 (U) |
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Immature interpersonal relationships6 (U) |
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Mid-level nurses’ perception of new nurses: Unreliable and lack of work competency9 (U) |
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Head nurses’ perception of new nurses: Lack of responsibility and social skills9 (U) |
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Senior nurses’ perception of new nurses: A headache of total impasse9 (U) |
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New nurses’ perception of themselves: Doing my best, but my work is inexperienced/Difficulty in interpersonal relationships9 (U) |
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Lack of competency of nurses working together9 (U) |
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Lack of communication |
Not enough information about each other5 (C) |
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No opportunity for communication between nurses9 (U) |
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Resentment builds up towards subordinate nurses9 (U) |
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Dissatisfaction builds up with senior nurses who make me difficult9 (U) |
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Lack of familiarity between nurses9 (U) |
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High work stress |
Pressure of work4 (U) |
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Overwhelming workload6 (U) |
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Heavy work stress8 (U) |
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Senior nurses’ perception of themselves: A lot of work stress9 (U) |
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Mid-level nurses’ perception of themselves: Doing hard work, but the treatment is not good9 (U) |
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Increased tension in the clinical field9 (U) |
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Not fulfilling the role expected to their positions |
A manager who does not provide protection8 (U) |
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Head nurses’ perception of the head of the nursing department: Running policies without principles and lacking consideration9 (U) |
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Head nurses’ perception of senior nurses: Frustrated by not playing the role of the senior9 (U) |
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Senior nurses’ perception of the head nurse: Focuses only on one’s face and does not understand business practices9 (U) |
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Senior nurses’ perception of mid-level nurses: Not following instructions and giving junior nurses a hard time9 (U) |
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Mid-level nurses’ perception of the head nurse: Not having influence on the hospital organization and makes us exhausted9 (U) |
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Mid-level nurses’ perception of senior nurses: Serve as ‘Boss’ and do everything they ask9 (U) |
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New nurses’ perception of the head nurse: Not helpful for ward adaptation9 (U) |
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New nurses’ perception of senior nurses: Lack of work competency9 (U) |
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Lack of systematic education programs |
Absence of systematic education program9 (U) |
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Embarrassment due to different work guidelines for each senior10†(U) |
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Personal characteristics |
Unstable victims8 (U) |
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Self-centered perpetrator8 (U) |
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Authoritative senior nurse9 (U) |
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Obedient and fragile junior nurses9 (U) |
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Unconventional novice nurse: The emergence of new nurses with various backgrounds9 (U) |
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Entrenched and justified perception |
Introspective and exclusive atmosphere2 (U) |
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Lack of awareness of horizontal violence3 (U) |
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Repeated and justified violence3 (U) |
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Fixed perception8 (U) |
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Bystanders in the nurse organization: Silence and appeasement of ward nurses9 (U) |
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An atmosphere of endless conflict persists due to organizational silence12 (U) |
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Inefficient healthcare system |
Limitations of creating a work environment for a manpower-oriented organization5 (U) |
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Lack of necessary nursing staff9 (U) |
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Inefficient workforce management9 (U) |
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The continuity of work that relies on interlocking like gears9 (U) |
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The various types of physical violence and psychological harassment |
Publicly humiliating |
Humiliated in public2 (U) |
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Humiliate in public9 (U) |
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Feeling shamed by public scolding and verbal abuse10† (U) |
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Excessive and emotional reprimand |
Lowered self-esteem with insulting words1† (U) |
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Received unfairly excessive reprimands2 (U) |
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Verbally and physically abused2† (U) |
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Dominating the ward atmosphere3 (U) |
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Tae-um3 (U) |
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Teaching turned into mistreatment4 (U) |
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One-way instruction rather than encouraging communication5 (U) |
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Violence disguised as education6 (U) |
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Education with emotions9 (U) |
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Bursting into anger at repetitive mistakes9 (U) |
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Attacking during handover time9 (U) |
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Verbal profanity9 (U) |
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Even experienced senior nurses also experience Tae-um12 (U) |
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Bullying |
Being bullied and manipulated2 (U) |
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Bullying3 (U) |
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Friendly nurses get together and bully9 (U) |
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Alienated from relationships with peers1 (U) |
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Inability to escape from a beleaguered situation14† (U) |
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Physical violence |
Verbally and physically abused2† (U) |
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Physical attack3 (U) |
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Physical threat9 (U) |
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Experiencing physical violence due to poor job performance amplifies distress10 (U) |
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Unfair and discriminatory work assignment |
Different psychological expectations5 (U) |
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One must tolerate unfair treatment towards new nurses10 (U) |
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Difficulty due to endless work12 (U) |
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A feeling of frustration with a deliberate action12 (U) |
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Clash of expectation and loss8 (C) |
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Aggresiveness at teaching |
Received intensive attention on poor work competence5 (C) |
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Teaching while disrespecting, discriminating, bullying9 (U) |
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A bitter experience beginning from the days of a new nurse12 (U) |
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Have to accept anything in the name of education13† (U) |
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Violence beyond the work hours |
Persistently pressure to resign3 (U) |
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Covert violence6 (U) |
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Tae-um that continues even in private situations12 (U) |
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Being hurt by violence in cyberspace13† (U) |
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Belittling and ignoring |
Disrespect5 (C) |
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Ignorance of existence8 (U) |
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Psychological threat9 (U) |
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Not respected12 (U) |
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The negative impact of workplace bullying and its effect on the self-growth |
Frustrated not being able to give and receive help |
No support to lean on2 (U) |
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Inescapable sense of pressure12 (U) |
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Difficulty asking for help12 (U) |
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Feelings towards colleagues experiencing conflict12 (U) |
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Feeling sorry for not protecting my colleagues13 (U) |
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Inability to escape from a beleaguered situation14† (U) |
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Decreased self-esteem |
Lowered self-esteem with insulting words1† (U) |
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Complicated emotions1 (U) |
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Self-deprecation6 (U) |
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Feeling shamed by public scolding and verbal abuse10† (U) |
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In the midst of normalized violence, the heart gradually diminishes13 (U) |
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The mind and body become exhausted |
Freezing in shock and bewilderment2 (U) |
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Difficulty suppressing anger2 (U) |
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Getting hurt in body and mind3 (U) |
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Consequences of action/interaction coping strategies4 (U) |
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Pain as much as the weight of life6 (U) |
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Depletion of survival energy8 (U) |
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Increasing negative energy8 (U) |
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Being hurt by preceptor nurses’ emotional education10 (U) |
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Difficulty even meeting physiological needs due to heavy workload10 (U) |
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Being hurt by violence in cyberspace13† (U) |
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The pain is transmitted through my body13 (U) |
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Devastated daily life with violence13 (U) |
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A heart that is gradually deteriorating while experiencing Tae-um14 (U) |
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Pain appears in my body14 (U) |
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Alienated |
A wall has been built in the relationship1 (U) |
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Being isolated as a dangerous individual5 (C) |
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Demoralizing and fearful working hours |
Become flustered and look around nervously3 (U) |
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Teaching that became bullying: Miscommunication4 (U) |
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Fear ahead of work hours5 (U) |
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Intimidated by the rigid nursing organization culture10 (U) |
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Embarrassment due to different work guidelines by each senior10† (U) |
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Being excessively mindful of others’ reactions has become a habit12 (U) |
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Being nervous throughout work hours due to rampant violence13 (U) |
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Doubts about the nursing profession |
To regret4 (U) |
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Feeling skeptical about the nursing profession10 (U) |
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Recognized as a process for growth |
Doing my part4 (U) |
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Giving and receiving needed help5 (U) |
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Difficult but helpful process5 (U) |
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Learning through difficulties12 (U) |
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Inheritance |
The shackles of inheritance4 (U) |
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Inherited and embodied6 (U) |
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Negatively learned inertia8 (U) |
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Realizing the difficulty of escaping from the inherited Tae-um10 (U) |
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An unfair situation to take for granted12 (U) |
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Conflict continues as usual12 (U) |
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Imbued with the situation, followed by violence before knowing it13 (U) |
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Active and passive coping efforts in dealing with bullying |
To endure |
Coping passively in the situation1 (U) |
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Time solves1 (U) |
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Lower one’s body with a defensive stance2 (U) |
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Endure or quit3 (U) |
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Endure and persevere4 (U) |
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Endure due to fear7 (U) |
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Being patient to survive8 (U) |
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Leave or leave behind incomplete8 (U) |
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Accepted as custom9 (U) |
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Enduring with patience and trying to forget difficulties through engaging in hobbies10 (U) |
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Have to accept anything in the name of education13† (U) |
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Taking care of myself with the mindset that I have to be patient and percesevere13 (U) |
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Leaving |
Increase in a turnover rate, decrease in work performance, and deterioration of organizational climate6 (U) |
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Couldn’t stand and submitted resignation7 (U) |
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Transferred to other department7 (U) |
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Resigned to work in better work environment10 (U) |
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Attempting to avoid the source of pain13 (U) |
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Seeking help |
Peer support4 (U) |
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Emotional support system8 (U) |
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Asked the head nurse for help, but not easily resolved10 (U) |
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Finding solace by revealing pain to a meaningful person while silently enduring suffering11 (U) |
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Fighting against violence, but not easily resolved13 (U) |
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Relying on the colleagues who joined the hospital on the same day, but not a breakthrough14 (U) |
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Go to someone who seems to be able to protect me, but it doesn’t work14 (U) |
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Making efforts to improve the relationship |
Efforts to improve relationships and frustrations2 (U) |
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Making a personal relationship4 (U) |
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To understand each other4 (U) |
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Carrying out work beyond capacity to establish relationships5 (U) |
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Need to acquire the skills to collaborate on tasks5 (C) |
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Experiential learning through reflection on performance5 (U) |
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Volunteered for non-nursing work to impress seniors10 (U) |
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Striving for progress |
Finding a way4 (U) |
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Getting off target4 (U) |
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Formation of responsible interest8 (U) |
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To reduce mistakes, make personal notes and carry them around to study10 (U) |
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A desire to avoid bullying perpetrators coexists with a desire to be respected11 (C) |
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Faced severe wounds from violence and stood at a critical juncture, but discovered attachment to the nursing profession and one’s own potential11 (U) |
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Looking back on the pain, I try to become the master of my life11 (U) |
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Commitment to the future12 (U) |
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Devoted oneself to work14 (U) |
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Confronting |
Become assertive2 (U) |
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Acting out4 (U) |
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Taking proactive action8 (U) |
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Strategies for preventing bullying incidents |
Active conflict management by managers |
Manager’s role as a protective shield4 (U) |
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The head nurse directly manages conflicts between nurses9 (U) |
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Head nurses’ suggestion of specific work procedures depending on the situation9 (U) |
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The care and communication of the head nurse9 (U) |
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Care of junior nurses by senior nurses9 (U) |
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Establishment of a systematic education system at the organizational level |
Organization: Operation of a program to strengthen practical skills6 (U) |
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Workforce expansion, adaptation acceleration program, organizational culture improvement, public discourse, and relevant institutional establishment6 (U) |
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Establishment of systematic education system9 (U) |
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Provision of incentives for teaching nurses9 (U) |
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Establishment of systems to prevent workplace bullying |
Systematic monitoring and supervision for Tae-um9 (U) |
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A leap for problem-solving12 (U) |
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Efforts to solve problems in individual positions |
Individuals’ mindset shift and problem-solving efforts6 (U) |
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Prevention through self-reflection7 (U) |
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Head nurse’s perception of mid-level nurses: A mainstay of the ward despite some dissatisfaction with them9 (U) |
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Positive thinking of new nurses and efforts to improve practical skills9 (U) |
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Mid-level nurses’ discipline excluding the reflection and emotions9 (U) |